Abstract: Under the impetus of the “dual carbon” goals, traditional energy and new energy are accelerating their optimization and reconfiguration, gradually forming a development pattern of complementary synergy between “coal + carbon storage” and “new energy + energy storage”. Deep underground special space energy storage is highly consistent with the demand for large-scale physical energy storage and shows great potential in enhancing the consumption capacity of new energy and the regulatory resilience of the energy system. This paper defines the connotation and classification of deep underground special space energy storage, systematically reviews the current development status of typical technologies and projects for energy storage and energy storage in deep underground special spaces at home and abroad. Focusing on the four stages of reservoir geological exploration, feasibility evaluation, transformation and construction, and operation and maintenance, it constructs four key technical systems: precise exploration, comprehensive evaluation, transformation and sealing, and operation and maintenance monitoring. It proposes a “space-air-ground-well” integrated multi-source geophysical exploration and drilling collaborative exploration method, initially establishes a five-element evaluation index system of “technology, safety, economy, environment, and society”, compares and analyzes the differences in evaluation indicators for different energy storage scenarios, discusses key technologies such as energy storage channel drilling, reservoir capacity transformation, sealing and reinforcement in reservoir construction, and establishes a multi-level operation and maintenance monitoring and early warning system covering “multi-source environmental perception - massive data processing - early warning model construction - emergency response and maintenance”. Based on the current development status and challenges of the four key technical systems of deep underground special space energy storage, it proposes key technical research directions such as a three-dimensional digital modeling and transparent fine exploration technology system of reservoir geological bodies, a dynamic coupling comprehensive evaluation technology system for the entire life cycle of multiple indicators, a high-efficiency expansion and high-performance material targeted reinforcement technology system for large-scale reservoirs, and an AI-enabled technology system for the entire process of operation - maintenance - monitoring - early warning - decision-making, in order to provide references for theoretical research, key technology breakthroughs, and related policy formulation of deep underground special space energy storage.