Abstract: Fatigue damage occurs in the anchor cable anchorage structure under cyclic load disturbance, leading to a reduction in its ultimate bearing capacity and increasing the likelihood of anchorage failure. Laboratory tests and numerical simulation methods were used to carry out cyclic load disturbance tests on anchor cable anchorage specimens under different vibration loads (19.2, 24.0, 28.8 kN) and disturbance frequencies (1, 5, 10, 30 Hz). The displacement increment, damage evolution, and bearing capacity degradation of the free section of the anchor cable under varying vibration loads and disturbance frequencies are analyzed. The development of internal cracks in the anchorage body is examined, and the failure modes observed in both laboratory tests and field engineering practice are discussed. Using digital image correlation (DIC), the evolution of the strain field in the free section of the anchor cable under different vibration loads is revealed. The results show that, under the same vibration load, the displacement increment of the free section of the anchor cable decreases as the disturbance frequency increases. Moreover, the higher the vibration load, the stronger the influence of disturbance frequency on the displacement increment of the anchor cable. Under the same disturbance frequency, the displacement increment of the free section of the anchor cable increases as the vibration load rises. Furthermore, the lower the disturbance frequency, the stronger the effect of vibration load on the displacement increment of the anchor cable. The displacement growth rate of the free section of the anchor cable can be divided into two stages: a sharp decline stage and a steady decline stage. Both increasing the vibration load and reducing the disturbance frequency accelerate the displacement growth rate. Disturbances at medium and low frequencies have the most significant effect. No strong correlation is observed between vibration load and the displacement growth rate. As the disturbance frequency increases, the damage degree (D) of the anchorage body under cyclic loading at different vibration loads decreases exponentially. As the vibration load increases, the D at disturbance frequencies of 1 and 5 Hz increases linearly, whereas at 10 and 30 Hz it increases exponentially. The internal cracks of the anchorage body are primarily concentrated in the resin layer and the adjacent anchorage matrix area, and are mainly tensile cracks. With the decrease of the disturbance frequency and the increase of the vibration load, the total number of cracks, the number of tensile cracks and shear cracks in the anchorage body gradually increased, resulting in a gradual decrease in its bearing strength. After disturbances at 1 and 5 Hz, damage in the anchorage body is concentrated at the anchor cable-anchoring agent interface and within the resin layer, with fracture severity in the resin layer increasing as the vibration load rises. In contrast, resin layers at 10 and 30 Hz remain largely intact. The free section of the anchor cable undergoes repeated expansion and contraction under cyclic compressive loading, with its horizontal strain amplitude increasing as the vibration load increases. Finally, stability control measures for the surrounding rock are proposed, including the use of energy-absorbing components to enhance the impact resistance of the anchorage structure, as well as increasing anchorage length and grouting reinforcement to improve support strength.