Abstract: Fault-slip induced rockburst poses a significant threat to safe and efficient mining of deep coal resources. Investigating the control factors and underlying mechanisms of such events is crucial for disaster prevention and control. This study utilizes a self-developed experimental system designed for simulating fault-slip induced rockbursts in coal mine roadways. A novel low-strength and high-brittleness similitude material was developed, and a corresponding physical model was constructed. A specialized fault-loading scheme was proposed, successfully replicating the full evolution of fault-slip induced roadway rockburst. Complementary numerical simulations were conducted to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Key findings include: ① The developed similitude material, primarily bonded with sodium silicate, exhibits an average uniaxial compressive strength of 7.40 MPa, cohesion of 3.35 MPa, a rockburst energy index of 18, and an elastic energy index of 9.2. Under uniaxial loading, the material exhibits dynamic failure modes such as projectile ejection and fragment spalling, effectively simulating fault-slip induced roadway rockbursts. ② A two-stage loading scheme—“critical loading of the roadway followed by activation loading of the fault”—was implemented to simulate the entire process of roadway rockbursts induced by fault slip. The fault-slip process exhibits prominent stick-slip characteristics, resulting in intermittent and extremely brief rockburst events. Fine particle ejection from roadway sidewalls is identified as a significant precursor to dynamic failure. ③ The complete mechanism of fault-slip induced rockburst involves the progressive failure of fault-locking structures during shear, which generates seismic waves. These waves propagate with attenuation into the surrounding rock, triggering the release of accumulated strain energy and inducing dynamic failure. ④ Seismic waves generated by fault slip act as the immediate trigger of the rockburst. The main energy source originates from the strain energy stored in the surrounding rock, of which 30% is transformed into sliding friction energy (facilitating crack propagation and rock fragmentation), and 5.6% into kinetic energy (causing projectile ejection of fractured blocks).