Abstract: Mine water pollution is one of the major environmental problems caused by mining activities, in which high concentrations of sulphates, heavy metals and nitrogen compounds are a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Traditional treatment methods face challenges such as high cost and low efficiency, and the development of cost-effective and novel treatment technologies has become an urgent scientific issue. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) show great potential in mine water pollutant removal due to their unique metabolic mechanisms. In this study, we reviewed the progress of SRB in mine water treatment, focused on the mechanism of SRB in removing sulphate, heavy metals and nitrogen compounds, and explored the key factors affecting the treatment efficiency of SRB, such as pH, temperature, and C/S. It was found that SRB effectively removed sulphate and heavy metals through biological reduction and chemical precipitation, and participated in nitrate reduction and sulphate-dependent anaerobic ammonia oxidation processes, demonstrating unique nitrogen cycling functions. However, SRB technology still faces challenges such as environmental adaptability, substrate utilization efficiency and biofilm stability in practical applications. To address these issues, this study proposes corresponding optimization strategies, including improving the environmental adaptability of SRB, optimizing substrate utilization and enhancing biofilm stability. A theoretical basis is provided for a deeper understanding of the application of SRB in mine water treatment, which is of great significance in promoting the sustainable development of the mining industry.Future research should focus on improving the environmental adaptability of SRB, developing efficient substrates, enhancing biofilm stability, exploring the value-added utilization of by-products, and investigating the synergistic effects of SRB with other functional microorganisms, with a view to developing SRB technology into a core technology for mine water pollution treatment, and making significant contributions to the realization of sustainable development of the mining industry.